Cranes Return to UK: A Journey of Reintroduction and Conservation

Cranes Return to UK: The Remarkable Comeback

The common crane, a species steeped in folklore and history, is making a triumphant return to the UK after centuries of absence. Known as the UK's tallest bird, the common crane is distinguished by its long legs and unique bugling call. Once lost to hunting and habitat destruction, these elegant birds are now thriving in our wetlands thanks to concerted conservation efforts.

History and Background of Crane Reintroduction

The reintroduction of common cranes to the UK is a remarkable conservation success story. After becoming extinct as a breeding bird in the 17th century, a small group of migrating birds from continental Europe settled in the Norfolk Broads in 1979, marking the beginning of the species’ reintroduction to Britain. This natural recolonisation sparked hope and set the stage for more structured conservation efforts.

The Great Crane Project, a partnership between the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), and the Pensthorpe Conservation Trust, has played a crucial role in the reintroduction of common cranes to the UK. Launched in 2009, the project aimed to restore a healthy population of wild cranes throughout the UK by focusing on habitat restoration and the rearing and release of crane chicks. The collaborative efforts of these organisations, supported by major funders like Viridor Credits Environmental Company, have been instrumental in the project’s success. Today, the sight of wild cranes gracing the UK’s wetlands is a testament to these dedicated conservation efforts.

From Extinction to Reintroduction of Common Cranes

Cranes vanished from the UK in the early 1600s. Overhunting and the widespread drainage of wetlands for agriculture destroyed the habitats they relied on. For over three centuries, the sight of these tall, graceful birds was absent from the British landscape.

Then, in 1979, something extraordinary happened. A small group of cranes naturally recolonised the Norfolk Broads, sparking hope for the species. In 1982, the first successful breeding occurred, marking a pivotal moment for conservation efforts and the resurgence of this species in the region.

This event inspired conservationists to act. In 2009, the Great Crane Project was launched—a partnership between the RSPB, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT), and Pensthorpe Conservation Trust. The project focused on rearing and releasing cranes in the Somerset Levels and Moors, a landscape rich in potential but in need of restoration.

Conservation Status and Monitoring

The common crane is classified as Amber under the Birds of Conservation Concern 5: the Red List for Birds (2021). This status reflects the species’ need for continued conservation attention. In the UK, common cranes are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981, which provides legal safeguards for these majestic birds and their habitats.

Monitoring the common crane population is crucial for understanding their ecology and ensuring their long-term survival. The UK Crane Working Group, a coalition of conservation organisations including the RSPB and WWT, coordinates the monitoring efforts. This group collects vital data on breeding pairs, successful breeding, and population trends. Such information is essential for informing conservation strategies and adapting them as needed to support the growing UK population of common cranes. With over 160 birds now present in the country, these efforts are more important than ever.

A Growing Breeding Population

Today, the UK’s crane population has surpassed 250 birds, with over 80 breeding pairs recorded. In 2023 alone, these pairs fledged 36 chicks—a record-breaking year. This marks the largest UK population since cranes disappeared over 400 years ago. The establishment of a wild population of common cranes in the UK has been significantly bolstered by the successful breeding programme in Somerset.

Key regions for crane populations include:

• Norfolk Broads: Where recolonisation began.
• Somerset Levels and Moors: A stronghold thanks to the Great Crane Project.
• East Scotland: Recent sightings suggest cranes are expanding their range.

What Makes This Comeback Possible? The Great Crane Project

The return of cranes is a testament to the power of habitat restoration and protection:

• Wetland Recovery: Healthy wetlands are crucial for crane breeding and feeding. Conservationists have restored marshes, fens, and floodplains to support these birds and other species. The protection and restoration of wetland habitat play a critical role in supporting the crane’s breeding and survival in Britain, particularly through conservation efforts in regions like Norfolk and Somerset.
• Wetland habitats are essential in supporting the recovery and breeding success of crane populations in the UK. Larger wetlands are needed to accommodate the growing crane population, and conservation efforts, such as the England Peat Action Plan, aim to restore these critical habitats to mitigate climate change impacts and promote biodiversity.
• Protected Areas: Over 80% of the breeding population resides in protected areas, including RSPB reserves, ensuring their safety.
• Public Awareness: Projects like the Great Crane Project engage local communities, fostering pride and support for wildlife.

A Win for Biodiversity

Cranes are more than just a charismatic species—they are an indicator of ecosystem health. The loss of cranes as a breeding species during the Elizabethan Era and their resurgence in locations such as the Norfolk Broads by the early 2000s highlight significant conservation successes. Their presence signals that wetlands are functioning as they should, supporting a wide range of wildlife. As cranes return, so do other species, from amphibians to dragonflies, enriching the biodiversity of these habitats.

Watching and Appreciating Cranes

The common crane, the UK’s tallest bird, is a majestic sight with its distinctive ruffle of tail feathers and long, elegant legs. Their impressive courtship displays, involving head-throwing, wing-flapping, and foot-stamping, are a spectacle that attracts birdwatchers from near and far.

For those interested in observing these magnificent birds, the Somerset Levels and Moors, where the Great Crane Project is based, offer excellent opportunities. The RSPB’s West Sedgemoor reserve, part of the Somerset Levels and Moors, is a prime location for crane sightings. Additionally, WWT Slimbridge hosts a large group of cranes that have established a semi-permanent home, providing another fantastic spot for crane watching.

When observing cranes, it is essential to respect their space and habitat. Keeping a safe distance and avoiding any disturbance ensures the well-being of these wild birds and supports the ongoing success of conservation efforts. By appreciating cranes responsibly, we can all contribute to their continued resurgence in the UK.

Looking Ahead

The recovery of cranes is a conservation success story, but it’s also a reminder that nature needs continued care. Wetlands are still under threat from climate change, pollution, and development. Conservation groups like the RSPB are working tirelessly to protect these landscapes and ensure cranes continue to thrive.

What You Can Do Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act

You can support the crane’s comeback by:

• Visiting and donating to organisations like the RSPB and WWT.
• Learning about the importance of wetlands and advocating for their protection through initiatives like The Great Crane Project.
• Joining local efforts to preserve natural habitats in your area.

A Bird Worth Celebrating

The return of cranes is not just a win for conservationists—it’s a moment of national pride. To see these majestic birds dancing and trumpeting in our wetlands is to witness the power of nature's resilience. With continued efforts, the crane’s story will inspire for generations to come.